Belligerent Reprisals from Enforcement to Reciprocity

Introduction; 1. Reciprocity and countermeasures: competing paradigms to understand belligerent reprisals; 2. The development of belligerent reprisals as an enforcement tool; 3. The resilience of the reciprocity paradigm; 4. Belligerent reprisals in International armed conflict: a case-study in chemical attacks and the 'war of the cities' during the Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988); 5. Belligerent reprisals in Non-international armed conflict: conceptual issues; 6. Belligerent reprisals in Non-International armed conflict: a quest for equilibrium; Conclusion: the implications of the new formalization of belligerent reprisals; Appendices; Bibliography; Index.

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